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2200-1600 Indo-European tribes enter Greece
1600-1050 Bronze Age
750 Pythagorus
722 Fall of Northern Kingdom of Israel/Ephraim
586 Fall of Jerusalem
550 Milesians
538 First group of exiles return under Zerubbabel
525-456 Aeschylus
496-406 Sophocles
485-406 Euripides
458 Second group of exiles return under Ezra
440 Atomists
432 Last group of exiles return under Nehemiah
485-376 Sophists: Gorgias (483-376) and Protagorus (481-415).
469 Socrates
384-322 Aristotle-dies same year as Alexander the Great
323-30 Hellenistic age, inaugurated by Alexander the Great, the Museum in Alexandria allows for continuity of research and scholarly dialogue.
307 Ptolemy Soter invites Demetrius Phaleron, a student of Aristotle’s Lyceum, to Alexandria (in Egypt) where he probably influence Ptolemy’s decision to found the Museum in honour of the Muses. Alexandria a great academic center.
300 Euclid flourishes- at the Museum. The Elements
287-214 Archimedes
106-? Cicero-Studied under the 3 great schools (Epicurianism, Stoicism, Skepticism), Elusian Mysteries, Cateline, Sulla, Greece, the Academy (Plato). Many books 45-44 B.C..
4 B.C.-65 A.D. Seneca, Roman Stoic philosopher, tutor to Nero who became emporer in 54 A.D.
0-33? Christ
46-57 Paul’s 3 missionary journeys: A.D. 46-48, 49-52, 53-57. Much in what became Byzantium (Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis, Philedelphia etc.).
~60 Greeks meet Christ- Acts 17:16-34
100-165 Justin Martyr: Apologist, studied Platonic and Stoic philosophy, early evidence of NT canon.
100-170 Claudius Ptolemy- Ptolemaic model, astronomy- epicycle added to the deferent, the equant, at Alexandrian Museum.
120/140-200/203 Iernaeus- knew Polycarp who knew John. Defined Mary-Eve typology: “for Adam had necessarily to be restored in Christ, that mortality be absorbed in immortality, and Eve in Mary, that a virgin, become the advocate of a virgin, should undo and destroy virginal disobedience by virginal obedience (Britannica.com Mary article)”
245 Nimbus starts apearing in catacomb art, before Constantine, time of persecution of Christians, thus cryptic catacomb art.
4th c. Athanasius- creed against Arians
321 Edict of Milan- Church free under Constantine
323 Capital moved to Byzantium: “Constantinople”
325 Council of Nicea- combats Arianism
~350 Augustine and Chrysostom
395 Division into East and West
5th c. The West conquered by the Goths. Its history becomes the history of medieval Europe. Byzantium remains independent, some Greek culture preserved.
430 Sta. Maria Magiorre, Rome exists (mosaic dated to this time)
435-493 The last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was overthrown by the mercenary Herulian leader Odoacer (circa 435-93), who was proclaimed king of Italy by his troops. The history of Rome would subsequently merge with that of the papacy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States, and Italy (Encarta).
480-530 Benedict of Nursia
525 Boethius born, executed by Theodoric
526 St. Vitale- See Christ, unbeared with codex.
589-604 Pope Gregory, a Benedictine.
6th c. or earlier First report of a hospital- in the Byzantine empire. Eg Sampson Hospital, Constantinople. Influenced Islamic and Western models. Eg Barmaks under Khalif Harun ar-Rashid (786-809).
570-632 Mohammed- 622 visions
8th-9th c. Iconoclastic Controversy- Pope Gregory 5th supports Iconoclasts.
675-749 John of Damascus and iconoclasm “honour given to the image psases over to the prototype.”
9th c. Charlemagne- Interest in the classical, Gregorian Chant official- Notaion and liturgical drama develop, promoting unity. Aix-la-Chapelle built. Eastern artists and craftsmen that fled iconoclasm build it.
800 John Scotus Erigina born
843 Iconophilic victory under Theodora
800-1100 Scandinavian expansion
10th c. Theophilus: Art to the honour and glory of God Al Hazen- optics Tropes and Organum (10th-12th c.) develop Norman Invasion of England by William the Conquerer
11th c. Romanesque (West had not been so Roman since the 6th c.-eg international trade, urbanization, military strength. Power and unity found under Pope, not a political leader- thus Benedictine and Cistercian orders powerful), Universites, cities, commerce develop, 1st Crusade (Vaselay), Normans conquer England (?), increased globalism, thus Latin and things Latin increase in importance, black death, thus increased eschatological themes in art.
1050 Great Schism between Eastern and Western church
980-1037 Avicena
1033-1109 Anselm of Cantebury
1063 St. Marco-apogee of Byzantine style- overdone. Where Monteverdi’s vespers performed- the Doge.
11th-12th c. Age of the Jewel-Studded cross (cf. Franciscan spirituality).
12th c. Salerno: Greek and Arabic theoretical tradition absorbed into and influences start of Medieval theoretical medical tradition.
1113 Bernard of Clairvaux joins Cisterians
1096-1141 Hugh of St. Victor
1140-1144 St. Denis, Abot Suger, Gothic begins: Oh Come oh Come Immanuel, Stained Glass
1162 Thomas à Becket archbishop of Cantebury
1181-1226 St. Francis of Assisi
13th c. Franciscans and Dominicans, Pallamas, Altar pieces, Manuscript illustration. Organum fully developed: Leonin (Melismus with tenor), Perotin (more melodic)- Notre Dame school.
1225 Magna Carta reduces king of England’s power, parliament begins to meet-originally an event, not an institution.
1214?-1294 Roger Bacon-knowledge of world through empiricism- observation and mathematics. Brought idea of gun powder to Europe. Franciscan.
1221-1274 Bonaventure
1225-1274 Aquinas
1250 Conductis/motets, Troubadors
1220-1320 Salisbury-Gothic in England: Vertical Style
1265-1321 Dante
1250-1350 Richard Rolle, England
1266-1337 William Durandas
14th c. Giotto, Duccio, Cimabue, Pucelle (French manuscript illumination: Breviary of Belleville), Plague, Two Popes (Avignon), England backs off from Catholic church.
1307 Swiss national hero William Tell shoots apple off son’s head with bow and arrow, being compelled to do so for not bowing to Duke Gessler’s cap which was placed on top of a pole.
1319 Pucelle, Jean: French manuscript illuminator- “The Breviary of Belleville.”
1304-1377 Machaut: conductus/motets.
1396 dies Walter Hilton, influenced by Rolle
1384 dies Wycliffe, influenced by Rolle, Hilton (?)
1386 Cantebury Tales, Chaucer (1343-1400) cf Wyatt (1304-1377): the collective vs. the individual.
1385-1453 100 years war between England and France, 1429- Joan of Arc, Battle of Patay.
15th c. Renaissance: movement to less Church-centered society, secularization, individualism, beginnings of scientific revolution.
1378-1455 Ghibretti: Florence Baptistry doors
1385-1453 Dunstable: Vernacular instead of Latin, move to major/minor tonality, 3rds and sixths common.
1436 Birth of Müller, death of Al Karhsi: transition from Medieval to Western math.
1447 Printing press invented
1489-1556 Cranmer,Archbishop of Canteburty-interactions with Thomas More (Utopia}.
16th c. Reformation- Lutheran, Anabaptist, Anglican, Presbyterian (elders govern church, presbytyros not episcipos: church governed by a bishop) and Reformed theologies branch off from Catholic church.
1509-1547 Henry VII first of Tudor line
1549 First Book of Common Prayer
1545-1563 Council of Trent
1530 Erasmus of Rotterdam writes On Civility of Children, advising among other things, “ If you cannot swallow a piece of food, turn around discreetly and throw it somewhere.” Larson Calendar-Mar 17,2000
1532 Henry VIII breaks with pope, Church of England still part of Catholic church though
1533 First insance asylum opened. Larson-Mar18/19
1536 Calvin’s Institutes on Christian Religion
1537 Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Witte (=, - introduced)
1549 Book of Common Prayer first published
1540-1603 Vieta
1548-1620 Stevin
1550-1617 Napier
1547-1553 Edward VI
1553-1558 Mary I “Bloody Mary”- restored Latin rite and link to Rome
1558-1603 Elizabeth I: English culture flourishes : explorers (Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh), Shakespeare, Marlowe,
Spenser, Tallis, Byrd, Orlando Gibbons and Anglican Hymnody.
1571-1610 Caravagio- Baroque.
1561-1626 Francis Bacon- Scientific Methodology: Induction
1571-1630 Kepler
1564-1616 Shakespeare
1564-1642 Galileo-scientific methodology, telescope, dynamics
1577-1640 Rubens, Peter Paul
17th c. Start of learned class, time of Netherlandic (Holland) prosperity-lense crafting takes off illustrative of Calvinist interest in science: Huygens, Van Leuwenhoek. Little art in England-Puritan dictatorship under Cromwell. Culmination of Scientific Revolution in Newton paves way for Enlightenment.
1603-1625 James I (James VI of Scotland) iniates “Jacobean Period”
1609 First Baptist church founded on Dutch soil, in Amsterdam by John Smyth and Thomas Helwys. Seperation of Church and State, main institutional unit the local church, believer’s baptism. A growth out of 16th century Reformation movement.
1625-1648 Charles I, Catholic King (?), executed 1649 (by Cromwell?). Petition of Right limits Charles I power (1628) similar to Magna Carta.
1593-1665 Poussin- under influence of Raphael’s classicism, lack of emotion a response to the overdone Baroque style.
1630-1637 Tulip Craze in Holland- illustrative of exceeding prosperity in the country.
1648-1660 Commonwealth in England. Puritan England under Cromwell. Puritan literature filters into Calvinist Holland during the “Further Reformation.” End of Cromwell’s rule with Restoration of the Monarchy, Charles II ushers in frank secularism, bringing with him secular French culture. The beginning of the Augustan age in England (phrase first coined by Dryden in a poem refering to Charles II).
1648 Treaty of Münster: Ends the Thirty-Years WarThe Dutch Republic of the United Provinces gains independence from Spain after a conflict that dragged on from 1568-1648. The Netherlands was part of the Hapsburg empire ruled from Spain, the most powerful country in the sixteenth to early seventeenth century-Recall El Greco, Marillo-art flourishing there. This was conflict had a Protestant vs. Catholic dimension. The victory over Spain, marked the beginning of a Golden age in Holland. Dutch art flourishes: Rembrant, Vermeer, Haals, Kuyp, Kalf, Van Osterwick,Steen, Vermeer. Compare church-centered culture in Spain and the South to the Northern home-centered culture, division of church and state.
1596-1650 Descartes: the new science. Cartesianism- Algebraic Geometry (from DES-Cartersian). The beginning of modern philosophical thought.
1598-1680 Bernini
1606-1669 Rembrandt
1601-1665 Fermat
1623-1662 Pascal
1653 Oliver Cromwell dissolves Parliament: Puritan dictatorship.
1660 Restoration of Charles II in England (1660-1685), restoration of monarchy, initiation of the Augustan age (ie neoclassicism). Could not preach if not an ordained Anglican minister. Thus Bunyan, a splinter Calvinist is jailed for preaching.
1662 Book of Common Prayer revised.
1628-1688 John Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress like Milton’s Paradise Lost, written after Puritan dictatorship overthrown. Writes Grace Abounding in first imprisonment, Pilgrem’s Progress in second.
1608-1674 John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667)
1632-1704 John Locke-political ideas embodied in U.S. Constitution
1632-1723 Christopher Wren
1653-1713 Corelli
1643-1715 Louis XV, the Sun King, absolute monarchy, Lully (music), Racine (theatre), longest reign in European History, builds palace of Versailles, flourishing of French culture, planning of Champs-Élysées, Treaty of Utrecht (1713) awards a number of French territories in North America to British, as a Catholic, takes away rights of the Protestant Huguenots.
18th c. Age of Enlightenment, age of optimism in the possibility of human reason. Questioning of authority, anti-clericalism. Reason and the common good (whatever produces most good for most people) govern human affairs, not religious authority or tradition. Progress as an ideal-roots in Descarte’s invincible chain of progress (a philosophy which creates, looking for affirmation from the future, not the present as previously). Interestingly the word boredom enters speech at same time as progress. American Revolution give feet to ideas of time, period ends with onset of French Revolution. Cosmopolitan, humanitarian, rise of the common person-growing middle class-pursuit of learning by middle class (affects art production-eg more Operas, Oratorios, patronage less necessary( eg Mozart), more amature music publishing, more public concerts). Common European culture developing. Religious diversity in England- not an age of tolerance. The age of Wesley- experience increasingly important to religion (foreshadowing of Romanticism?). Freemasonry. Scientific progress- Newton. Deism. Back to nature movement (Locke and increased individual scientific endeavour, Rousseau and being true to yourself first and foremost). Back to the classics: classical period in music (characterized by simplicity-lack of all Baroque ornamentation-simple harmony (top and bottom lines dominant, middle is filler) eg Bach), neo-classicism in visual art. Questioning of Science - Bisihop Berkeley (also mathematics), Hume. See article in Encarta.
1642-1727 Sir Isaac Newton (1642 the same year Cromwell rallies an army)
1646-1716 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Theodice, calculus
1689 Purcell, Dido and Aeneas
1632-1704 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
1714 Handel’s Patron, Elector of Hanover crowned George I of England
1657-1757 Bernard de Fontenelle: A link between reiligious scientists and irreligious anti-clericals like Voltaire. Fontenelle's questioning attitude predated the inquiring spirit of the 18th-century Enlightenment.
1660-1725 Scarlatti, Italian influence on Handel
1667-1726 Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
1729 Methodism born when a group of Oxford University students begin meeting for worship, study and service (c.f. IVCF today). John Wesley considered the founder. John preached, Charles Wesley wrote hymns. Strongly Arminian, rejected predestination (thus their missionary and service fervour explained?). Salvation army born out of Methodism-William Booth, Methodist minister, 1865.
1678-1741 Antonio Vivaldi
1688-1744 Alexander Pope
1681-1767 Georg Philipp Telemann- German, more famous than Bach during lifetime
1685-1753 Bishop Berkeley- founder of Idealism (Okham’s Razor to the senses, only ideas exist).
1685-1750 Johann Sebastian Bach, Mass in B Minor (H Moll) (1747-1749).
1685-1759 George Frideric Handel
1710-1774 The Rococo (“The Style of Louis XV”), late Baroque, created by French, rocaille (playful decoration of grottoes) and coquillage (with irregular shells and stones) cf barocco (Ital). Time of Louis XV’s reign. Poussinistes v. Rubenistes (eg Watteau)-drawing v. colour- the French Academy- art as something the lay person is the ultimate judge of. Hogarth in England (1697-1764).
1709-1784 Samuel Johnson-lexicographer, committed Christian, scandalized by Hume’s good life and death.
1711-1776 Hume (English)- reaction against scientific progress, briefly a friend of Rousseau. Hume the end of the Enlightenment, Kant the beginning of the Romantic.
1726 Vivaldi (1648-1741)- The Four Seasons (embodies Emfindsamkeit style of Classical period)
1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin
1703-1791 John Wesley- the Orator, thinker, writer. Methodism. Newton, Cooper, Watts- music not art. Too buisy serving for art. Calvinism on run thus no great Christian art in eighteenth century.
1707-88 Charles Wesley- Hymn writer (eg. Oh For a Thousand Tongues, You ask me how I know he lives, he lives within my heart).
1712-1778 Jean-Jacques Rousseau- follow your feelings, back to nature philosophy, being true to yourself as the tantamount law of morality. Le Contrat Social(1762). Early Romantic philosopher.
1713-1784 Denis Diderot- “Apostle of reason and nature” wrote Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Anti-ecclesiastical authority, against superstition, conservatism. Voltaire contributed. Written with help of d’Alembert, French mathematician. Influenced European enlightenment thinkers.
1742 Handel- Messiah
1724-1804 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1781)- The beginning of the Romantic period harked: the importance of the self in understanding the world.
1756-1763 Seven Year’s War/ French and Indian war- Britain becomes pre-eminent western power after driving France out of America and India
1770 The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West. Very similar style to Gioto’s lamention over the dead Christ (fig 506 Janson). Utilizes Baroque lighting for a nationalist depiction. Illustrates the shift of emotional allegience from religion to nationalism.
1765 Stamp Act imposed in British territory. American Colonies livid over taxation without representation (in parliament?).
1775-1783 American Revolution/ American War of Independance- between 13 American Colonies and Great Briatain. George Washington key leader in victory. Declaration of Independence (1776).
1776 The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith.
1770-1787 Sturm und Drang period- German origins. Goethe key to movement.
1788 The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)
1789 George Washington (1732-1799) takes oath of office as first president of United States, key in ratification of American Constituion.
1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, by his time symphonic instrument’s capability well developed.
1750-1817 Werner, Abraham Gottlob- helped establish geology and mineralogy. No real 17th c. geology.
1746-1828 Goya
1744-1829 Lamarck- One of first theories on evolution. Mechanism: use and disuse, environmental influence on organism and inheritable characteristics.
1749-1832 Goethe- Faust, the Spirit of Modern individualism-the right of man to inquire in to all things human and divine and to work out his own destiny.
1748-1825 Jacques Louis David, develops neoclassical style in Rome (1775-1781) 19th c. Romanticism: continued interest in the sublime (The Rockies are sublime, the hills of Maine beautiful), from collectivism to individualism (Kant presages), with this comes a craving for emotional experience (c.f. the Enlightenment), age of unrest- terror and horror of war fuel passion of period, a loss of innocence after the French revolution (increased interest in evil supernatural themes e.g. Goya), a return to nature (part of new escapism movement- includes rise of tourism. Note idea arose in Europe, not the tropics). A “state of mind rather than the conscious pursuit of a goal.” The Industrial Revolution- mass production debases the decorative arts. Hand in hand with political revolution, increased nationalism. The shift from a traditional agriculturally based economy to one based on the mechanized production of manufactured goods in large-scale enterprises (Encarta ’97). Involves increasing efficiency by division of labour and urbanization. First begins at end of late 18th century in Britain. Spreads to France, Belgium, Germany and United States by mid-century and Canada and Russia by beginning of 20th c. “Capitalism” as a term arises- refers to the new class (before had aristocrats, clergy, middle class and peasants) who hold the capital, own the means of production (eg the factories). The camera: A technological innovation allows images to truly be made by nature. Technological advances in orchestral instruments- low-range brass, valves (starts with Beethovens music). Ballet comes into its own as art form (Degas). Hedonism(Wagner), Exoticism (due to colonies of France, England).
1743-1826 Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independance
1757-1827 Blake-Jerusalem, songs of Innocence and Experience. NOT a prophet.
1770-1827 Ludwig Van Beethoven, sympathized with French and American Revolutions, closest spiritually to Goethe.
1797-1828 Franz Schubert- Lieder, Erlkönig, 3 Lieder cycles: Swan Song, Winter’s Journey, Miller’s Daughter (Gretchen und Spinrad).
1765-1833 Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore produces the first permanent photographic image. Earliest surviving work (1826).
1769-1832 Cuvier- system of classification based on 4 body plans (vertebrata, articulata, radiata, mollusca) and 3 morphological hypotheses. Believed efficient construction of animal bodies proved their morphology was static- denied Lamarckian evolution.
1770-1818 Hegel- develops concept of progressive history. Conceptually and historically we grow by dialectic (recall Plato).
1788-1824 Lord Byron
1795-1821 Keats
1771-1832 Sir Walter Scott. The Lady of the Lake (1810)
1792-1822 Shelley
1772-1834 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
1837 Queen Victoria Crowned
1848 Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels
1782-1840 Nicolo Paganini- Musical virtuosity for its own sake, “one of the first artists to be idolized by an adoring public.” Sketched by Ingres
1770-1850 Wordsworth, William Tintern Abbey
1775-1851 Turner
1809-1847 Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
1810-1849 Chopin-numerous new types of piano composition: polonaise, mazurka.
1803-1859 Hector Belrioz: Symphony Fantastique programmatic music par excellence. Good example of Romantic style of music.
1780-1867 Ingres, student of David
1810-1856 Schumann- Piano and Vocal, musical anaologue of Romantic landscape painting. Piano becomes more than acomaniment in lieder (cf Schubert).
1833-1855 Kierkegaard: the Aesthetic (Don Giovani, the highest is the specific), Moral (general) and Religious life (the specific). The dialectic in response to paradox. The leap of faith and existential crisis. Considered the first existentialist.
1798-1863 Delacroix- student of Gericault.
1806-1873 John Stuart Mill: The Concept of Harm and law.
1812-1889 Browning
1809-1892 Charles Darwin, The Origin of the Species, (1859).
1865 Lincoln Assasinated
1784-1856 Buckland-paleontologist and geologist, attempted to reconcile Biblical account of creation with scientific observation. Belief in an extended period of time between creation of planet earth and Biblical creation events. A new commitment to the data is emerging.
1848 Revolution of 1848. Revolt pushed nationalism, centralized government (Germany, Italy) forward. A revolt against the rise of capitalism by the peasants and workers and against absolute monarchy by the middle class. An impetus for liberalism and socialism.
1848-1855 Pre-Raphaelite apogee.
1808-1879 Daumier
1818-1883 Karl Marx- Hegel’s dialectic applied to economic state of things. “A spectre is haunting Europe- the spectre of Communism.”
1811-1886 Franz Liszt-pushed the piano to its technical limit.
1813-1883 Wagner- The Ring Cycle-quasi-Medievalism. Perceval with a religious theme: an exception.
1861 American Civil War
1865 William Booth, Methodist minister founds Salvation Army
1832-1883 Manet
1822-1890 César Franck-considered a saint in musical circles
1824-1896 Anton Bruckner- A Classical Romantic, the Cecilian movement: back to the Middle Ages, rejection of overblown Romanticism, c.f. the Pre-Raphaelites quasi-Medaevalism, also Wagner’s Ring Cycle.
1833-1897 Brahms- Rhythmic inovation: eg opposing 2-3 pattern, hemiola, syncoptation, accents.
1880-1900 Post-Impressionists: van Gogh, Gauguin, Klimt, Munch.
1840-1890 Tchaikovsky-exoticismeg Nutcracker.
1813-1901 Verdi-exoticism eg Aïda.
1837-1901 The Victorian Era, i.e. Queen Victoria’s Reign (1819-1901).
1835-1910 Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer (1876).
1840-1926 Monet
1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War- France under Napoleon III loses to Prussia- cedes provinces of Allsace and Lorraine and pays 5 billion francs (1 Billion U.S.).
1879 Thomas Edison invents the electric light
1875-1884 Auguste Bartholdi designs and excecutes the statue of liberty (recall French revolution: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity), actually called Liberty Enlightening the World a gift of the French people (not of the government) commemorating French assistance in the War of Independence.
1874-1959 Grosz: Dada: anti-art, fracture.
1914-1918 World War I
1917 October Revolution in Russia- Communiwm- formation of U.S.S.R. under Vladimir Lenin with help of the Bosheviks. Discontent over Russia’s unsuccesful involvment in WWI fuels discontent that had been brewing thanks to social discontent over severe economic and social conditions due to oppresive, corrupt and inefficient government.
1856-1939 Sigmund Freud
1874-1936 G.K. Chesterton. Friends with G.B. Shaw
1886-1968 Karl Barth: response to Liberalism (Lack of concern for careful application of scripture). A Theologian of crisis, of the Word. Influenced by Kierkegaard.
1902-1994 Karl Popper and scientific method: falsifiability. Insert:Voltaire, Classical period- music, French revolution (Tennis court, Marat), Berkeley, Hume, Haydn Mozart, Boston Tea Party. Louis XVI, Isaac Watts, Pope, Jackson, Read on Romantic poets, Napoleon, Poussin, Dickens, Harvey, Boyle, Plague, Wycliffe, Rolle, Hilton, Hegel, T.S. Eliot. WWII, John Dewey (influenced by Reasseau).

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